Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) use inorganic metal (e.g., transition metal and lanthanide metal) ions/clusters as nodes and organic ligands (e.g., carboxylates, phosphonates, imidazolates, and phenolates) as supports to form an extended infinite 1D/2D/3D MOF network. In recent years, the application of MOFs in the biomedical field has attracted increasing attention. When the size of MOF particles is reduced to the nanoscale, these nano-MOFs (NMOFs) can be used as drug delivery carriers for imaging, chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, or photodynamic therapy. Compared with other porous materials, MOFs have many outstanding advantages, such as: (1) high specific surface area and porosity, which can be used for high loading of therapeutic drugs; (2) easy modification of the physical (e.g., pore size and shape) and chemical properties of MOFs by inorganic clusters and/or organic ligands. In addition, through the pre-design of ligands or post-synthetic modification methods, the desired functional groups can be added to the organic ligands; (3) the open windows and pores of MOFs allow the diffusion matrix to interact with the binding molecules; (4) the moderate strength of the coordination bonds makes MOFs biodegradable; (5) the well-defined structure is conducive to the study of host-guest interactions. Due to these unique properties, MOFs are considered to be one of the best candidates for drug delivery and cancer treatment.
Figure 1. The structure of PCN-250. (Drake HF, et al.; 2021)
MOFs have unique properties, such as highly ordered structures, high specific surface areas, and large pore volumes, which enable them to adsorb functional molecules on their outer surfaces or open channels and trap these molecules within the framework. In addition, functional molecules can be covalently bound to MOFs through one-pot synthesis or post-synthetic modification. There are four main advanced strategies to functionalize MOFs with therapeutic agents for biological applications, including: surface adsorption, pore encapsulation, covalent binding, and functional molecules as building blocks. Typically, drugs are loaded into MOFs via in situ encapsulation or post-synthetic modification strategies. The former is a relatively simple approach suitable for thermostable drugs to overcome premature drug release. The latter provides a milder environment to avoid damaging the drug molecules. With the development of MOF chemistry, a number of MOFs have been explored as promising candidate carriers for applications in this field. In addition, the addition of nucleic acids to MOF nanocarriers can prevent their degradation and accelerate their cellular uptake. In addition, surface modification of MOFs nanoparticles with nucleic acids can improve their colloidal stability by providing steric hindrance and electrostatic aggregation. Currently, MOFs are being investigated for the delivery or controlled release of DNA, small interfering RNA (siRNA) and nucleic acid aptamers. Proteins have many functions, such as DNA replication, catalysis of metabolic reactions and molecular transport. Due to their large size, surface charge and sensitivity to the environment, it is difficult for proteins to naturally cross the cell membrane without losing their structural integrity. In order to use proteins for therapeutic purposes, MOF nanoparticles for intracellular protein delivery have attracted increasing attention in recent years. PCN is a more common MOF with a stable pore structure and adjustable pore size. The PCN series of materials contain multiple cubic octahedral nanoporous cages and form a pore cage-pore topology in space. This material has potential in gas storage and drug delivery. Common hole-channel skeleton materials PCN include: PCN-6, PCN-9, PCN-12, PCN-13, PCN-14, PCN-18, PCN-22, PCN-51, PCN-61, PCN-63, PCN-100, PCN-129, PCN-131, PCN-132, PCN-137, PCN-149, PCN-150, PCN -222, PCN-224, PCN-250, PCN-308, PCN-333, etc.
PCN-250 (Fe) is a metal organic framework material with iron (Fe) as the metal node and tetracarboxyphenylporphyrin (TCPP) as the ligand. PCN-250 has great potential in a variety of applications due to its high specific surface area, good chemical stability, structural tunability and structural adjustability. Its pore structure can be used for gas storage and separation, and drug delivery carriers such as PCN-250 nanocarriers can achieve targeted drug delivery, increase cellular uptake and control drug release, making PCN-250 a promising class of drug release DDS, including anticancer drugs, antibacterial drugs, metabolic marker molecules, anti-glaucoma drugs and hormones. The biocompatibility of PCN-250 makes it potentially applicable in drug delivery, and it can encapsulate and release drugs by regulating the pore size.
Alternate Names:
Iron-based PCN-250
PCN-250 Iron
Fe-PCN-250
Iron(III) Porous Coordination Network-250
Fe(III)-PCN-250
Iron-porphyrin framework (PCN-250)
References:
1. Drake HF, et al.; Thermal decarboxylation for the generation of hierarchical porosity in isostructural metal-organic frameworks containing open metal sites. Mater Adv. 2021, 2(16):5487-5493.
2. Chen Z, et al.; Mechanistic Insights into Nanoparticle Formation from Bimetallic Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc. 2021, 143(24):8976-8980.
Fe/MOF based platform for NIR laser induced efficient PDT/PTT of cancer
Front Bioeng Biotechnol.
Authors: Liang Z, Li X, Chen X, Zhou J, Li Y, Peng J, Lin Z, Liu G, Zeng X, Li C, Hang L, Li H.
Abstract
Introduction: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) are widely used in the treatment of tumors. However, their application in the treatment of clinical tumors is limited by the complexity and irreversible hypoxia environment generated by tumor tissues. To overcome this limitation, a nanoparticle composed of indocyanine green (ICG) and Fe-MOF-5 was developed. Methods: We prepared F-I@FM5 and measured its morphology, particle size, and stability. Its enzyme like ability and optical effect was verified. Then we used MTT, staining and flow cytometry to evaluated the anti-tumor effect on EMT-6 cells in vitro. Finally, the anti-tumor effect in vivo has been studied on EMT-6 tumor bearing mice. Results: For the composite nanoparticle, we confirmed that Fe-MOF-5 has the best nanozyme activity. In addition, it has excellent photothermal conversion efficiency and generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) under near-infrared light irradiation (808 nm). The composite nanoparticle showed good tumor inhibition effect in vitro and in vivo, which was superior to the free ICG or Fe-MOF-5 alone. Besides, there was no obvious cytotoxicity in major organs within the effective therapeutic concentration. Discussion: Fe-MOF-5 has the function of simulating catalase, which can promote the decomposition of excessive H2O2 in the tumor microenvironment and produce oxygen to improve the hypoxic environment. The improvement of tumor hypoxia can enhance the efficacy of PDT and PTT. This research not only provides an efficient and stable anti-tumor nano platform, but also has broad application prospects in the field of tumor therapy, and provides a new idea for the application of MOF as an important carrier material in the field of photodynamic therapy.
Vancomycin-Loaded Fe3O4/MOF-199 Core/Shell Cargo Encapsulated by Guanidylated-β-Cyclodextrine: An Effective Antimicrobial Nanotherapeutic
Inorg Chem.
Authors: Taheri-Ledari R, Tarinsun N, Sadat Qazi F, Heidari L, Saeidirad M, Ganjali F, Ansari F, Hassanzadeh-Afruzi F, Maleki A.
Abstract
This study describes an efficient antimicrobial drug delivery system composed of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) coated by an MOF-199 network. Then, the prepared vancomycin (VAN)-loaded carrier was fully packed in a lattice of beta-cyclodextrin (BCD). For cell adhesion, beta-cyclodextrin has been functionalized with guanidine (Gn) groups within in situ synthetic processes. Afterward, drug loading efficiency and the release patterns were investigated through precise analytical methods. Confocal microscopy has shown that the prepared cargo (formulated as [VAN@Fe3O4/MOF-199]BCD-Gn) could be attached to the Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterial cells in a higher rate than the individual VAN. The presented system considerably increased the antibacterial effects of the VAN with a lower dosage of drug. The cellular experiments such as the zone of inhibition and optical density (OD600) have confirmed the enhanced antibacterial effect of the designed cargo. In addition, the MIC/MBC (minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations) values have been estimated for the prepared cargo compared to the individual VAN, revealing high antimicrobial potency of the VAN@Fe3O4/MOF-199]BCD-Gn cargo.
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