Nanoparticle Surface Functionalization-Halogenated (-X) Modification

Halogenation is an organic chemical reaction in which one or more halogen atoms (such as chlorine, bromine, fluorine or iodine) are introduced into organic molecules. This process usually involves reacting an organic compound with a halogen gas or a halogenating reagent, such as ferric chloride or ferric bromide, to replace the hydrogen atoms in the organic molecules. Halogenation reactions are often used to synthesize or change the structure of organic molecules to achieve specific chemical goals.

Introduction to Nanoparticle Surface Halogenated

The surface halogenation of nanoparticles is a common method of functionalizing nanomaterials. By introducing halogen atoms (such as chlorine, bromine, iodine, etc.) on the sides or terminals of nanoparticles, their surface properties and chemical activity can be changed. This processing method is often used to tailor the properties of nanoparticles to meet specific application needs. Halogenation can change the electronic structure, thermal stability and chemical reactivity of nanoparticles and therefore has wide applications in nanomaterials science and technology.

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of halogenation (-X) modification of nanoparticle surface.

Specifically, halogenation can introduce new chemical functional groups, improve the dispersion and solubility of nanoparticles, enhance their optical, electronic or magnetic properties, and tune their charge transport properties. These changes can have a significant impact on the performance of nanoparticles in areas such as energy storage, catalysis, sensing, biomedicine, and electronic devices. By controlling the amount and location of halogen additions, highly precise regulation of nanoparticle properties can be achieved, thereby promoting the development of nanotechnology and achieving better performance and effects in various applications.

The specific features of nanoparticle surface halogenated include:

• Surface modification: Halogenation can introduce halogen atoms (such as chlorine, bromine, iodine) to the surface of nanoparticles to change their chemical composition, thereby achieving surface modification. This can change the nanoparticle's hydrophilicity, dispersion, and interaction with other materials.
• Electronic structure regulation: Halogenation can affect the electronic structure of nanoparticles, such as adjusting the energy band structure, electron affinity and conductivity. These changes have important implications for electronic devices and optoelectronic applications.
• Changes in optical properties: Halogenation treatment can adjust the optical properties of nanoparticles, including absorption spectra, fluorescence properties and nonlinear optical effects. This is very useful for preparing optical sensors and optical materials.
• Improved thermal stability: Halogenation can enhance the thermal stability of nanoparticles, making them more stable in high-temperature or high-energy environments, which is very important for catalysis and energy applications.
• Adjustment of chemical reactivity: Halogenation can introduce halogen atoms with specific chemical reactivity, allowing nanoparticles to exhibit different activities in chemical reactions and can be used for catalysis and reaction control.
• Adjustment of charge transport properties: Side or terminal halogenation can change the charge transport properties of nanoparticles, which is critical to the performance of electronic devices such as batteries, capacitors and electronic sensors.
• Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS): Halogenation can change the SERS activity of nanoparticles, which is used to enhance molecular vibration spectrum signals and is widely used in chemical analysis and biosensing.

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• Vapor phase halogenation: This method is commonly used for metal nanoparticles such as gold, silver and copper. Nanoparticles are exposed to an environment containing halogen gases (such as chlorine, bromine, or iodine), which react with the nanoparticle surface and add halogen atoms to the nanoparticle surface.
• Liquid phase halogenation: In the liquid phase, halogenation can be carried out using halogen compounds such as silver chloride, silver bromide or silver iodide. The nanoparticles are suspended in a solvent, then a halogen compound is added to the suspension and the halogen atoms are transferred to the nanoparticle surface.
• Thermal halogenation: This method involves heating nanoparticles and halogen compounds together. At high temperatures, halogen compounds will decompose and react with the surface of nanoparticles to achieve halogenation.
• Microwave-assisted halogenation: Microwave-assisted halogenation is a fast and efficient halogenation method. Microwave radiation can accelerate the transfer of halogen atoms to the surface of nanoparticles and reduce reaction time.
• Plasma Halogenation: Plasma treatment is a high-energy method that can be used to halogenate nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are exposed to the plasma, which generates energy that causes the halogen atoms to react with the nanoparticle surface.
• Chemical reduction methods: In some cases, chemical reduction methods can be used to halogenate nanoparticles. This involves reducing halogen compounds to halogen atoms and then reacting with the nanoparticles.
• Ultrasound-assisted halogenation: Ultrasound waves can induce local high-temperature and high-pressure areas in the liquid, promoting the transfer of halogen atoms to the surface of nanoparticles.

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References

1. Sanità G, et al.; Nanoparticle Surface Functionalization: How to Improve Biocompatibility and Cellular Internalization. Front Mol Biosci. 2020, 7:587012.
2. Karolina Wieszczycka, et al.; Surface functionalization – The way for advanced applications of smart materials. Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 2021, Volume 436, 213846.