Nanoparticle Surface Functionalization-Hydroxylation (-OH)

Hydroxylation is a chemical reaction that introduces a hydroxyl group (-OH group) into an organic molecule. This chemical reaction usually occurs in living organisms and is catalyzed by enzymes, especially during the metabolic processes of cells. Hydroxylation reactions can change the properties of organic molecules, making them more easily metabolized or excreted by cells. This is important for the body to process foreign compounds, drugs, and poisons. Additionally, hydroxylation can be used in synthetic organic chemistry to synthesize specific types of compounds. It is important to note that the hydroxylation reaction can occur in different positions and manners, depending on the specific circumstances of the substrate and catalyzing enzyme. Different hydroxylation reactions may lead to different chemical products.

Introduction to Nanoparticle Surface Hydroxylation

Hydroxylation of side groups or terminal groups of nanoparticles is an important modification method of nanomaterials. This process involves the introduction of hydroxyl groups (-OH groups) on the side or termini of the nanoparticles. This modification can be achieved by different methods, such as chemical synthesis or surface functionalization. Hydroxylation of nanoparticles can endow them with new properties and applications, making them more versatile and controllable. These hydroxylated nanoparticles can be used in a variety of fields including medicine, materials science, electronics, and environmental science, including applications such as drug delivery, catalytic reactions, biosensing, and nanomaterial enhancement. By adjusting the degree and manner of hydroxylation, the chemical properties and interactions of nanoparticles can be precisely controlled, enabling the preparation of customized functional nanomaterials.

Figure 1. Direct C−H hydroxylation using Pd-nanoparticle.(Saha D, et al.; 2019)

The specific features of nanoparticle surface hydroxylation include:

• Adding hydroxyl groups: Hydroxylation is a surface modification method usually achieved by introducing hydroxyl groups (-OH groups) on the surface of nanoparticles.
• Chemical activity: Hydroxyl (-OH) is a chemically active functional group that can react with other molecules or surfaces, thereby changing the properties of nanoparticles.
• Water affinity: Since hydroxyl groups are hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, hydroxylated nanoparticles usually have good water affinity and can be dispersed and stable in water.
• Biocompatibility: Hydroxylated nanoparticles are generally highly biocompatible with living organisms, making them useful in biomedical applications such as drug delivery and bioimaging.
• Surface functional group variability: Through different synthesis methods and reaction conditions, the degree and manner of hydroxylation can be controlled to achieve the introduction of different types of functional groups, thereby tailoring the properties of nanoparticles.
• Increased stability: Hydroxylation can increase the stability of nanoparticles, preventing them from precipitating or aggregating in solution.
• Surface modification: Hydroxylation can also change the surface charge of nanoparticles, leading to different interactions such as charge interactions or molecular adsorption.

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• Silica Hydroxylation: This is a common hydroxylation method for silicon-based nanoparticles. Siloxane chemicals are often used to introduce hydroxyl groups to the surface of silica-based nanoparticles, forming siloxane bonds.
• Hydrocarbon hydroxylation: This method involves the introduction of hydroxyl groups on the surface of carbon-based nanoparticles.
• Metal oxide surface hydroxylation: Metal oxide nanoparticles (e.g., iron oxide, zinc oxide) can be hydroxylated by introducing hydroxyl groups on their surfaces.
• Bifunctional hydroxylation: hydroxyl groups and one or more other different functional groups can be introduced on the surface of nanoparticles to give them multifunctional properties.
• Reversible hydroxylation: Some hydroxylation methods allow the hydroxylation reaction to occur reversibly when desired to achieve controlled release or the preparation of responsive materials.

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References

1. Saha D, et al.; Synthesis of Phenolic Compounds via Palladium Catalyzed C-H Functionalization of Arenes. Chem Asian J. 2019, 14(24):4534-4548.
2. Hola K, et al.; Tailored functionalization of iron oxide nanoparticles for MRI, drug delivery, magnetic separation and immobilization of biosubstances. Biotechnol Adv. 2015, 33(6 Pt 2):1162-76.