Adjuvants for Sustainable Releasing / Microspherical Antigen Formulation

Based on the mechanisms of action, adjuvants can be classified as immunostimulants and delivery systems. Adjuvants act as delivery systems by binding closely to antigens and sustainably releasing them, thereby prolonging the bioavailability of the antigen and enhancing antigen presentation. This approach can also help reduce the amount of antigen and adjuvant needed, thereby minimizing potential adverse effects and waste. Sustainable release/microspherical antigen formulations mainly include water-in-oil emulsion formulation (W/O), oil-in-water emulsion formulation (O/W), antigen encapsulation formulation, core-shell structures for sustainable release, and metal nanoparticle-based formulations.