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Overview of Tumor Organoids
Malignant tumors have become a major challenge in the field of global public health. How to continuously deepen the understanding of the occurrence and development of malignant tumors and continuously optimize the clinical diagnosis and treatment model of tumors is an important issue that needs to be urgently addressed in oncology research. Both basic and clinical scientific research in oncology requires the selection of appropriate research models. However, the common tumor research models currently have many shortcomings. For example, tumor cell line models are difficult to reproduce the pathophysiological characteristics and internal heterogeneity of parental tumors in vitro, and animal models have problems such as low flux, long cycle, high…
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Exosome Nanocarriers for Tumor Treatment
Cancer is an important cause of death in humans. Current treatments such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy are often accompanied by significant side effects and drug resistance. Nanomedicine has become the preferred solution for improving biocompatibility and biodegradable systems. Nowadays, nanoparticles are not only widely used in treatment, but also show great potential in the field of diagnosis. Exosomes as nanocarriers have the characteristics of high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and excellent penetration ability, and have broad development prospects in tumor diagnosis and treatment. Exosomes were first discovered in 1986. They are nanoscale (40-150 nm) small extracellular vesicles secreted by various cells. Cell membrane proteins and extracellular components fuse with each other…
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Nucleic Acid Aptamers
Nucleic acid aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides with the ability to specifically bind to target molecules. Currently, nucleic acid aptamers are screened from large random nucleic acid libraries using SELEX technology. It can identify different types of target molecules such as proteins, viruses, bacteria, cells, etc. Nucleic acid aptamers not only have the specificity of antibodies, but also have many advantages over antibodies, such as a wider range of target molecules, better thermal stability, smaller molecular weight, chemical synthesis, small batch differences and easy modification. Therefore, nucleic acid aptamers have broad application prospects in biomedicine, diagnostic testing, drug development and other fields, but they also face challenges such as patent restrictions…
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Drug Delivery Research of Cancer Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles
In recent years, malignant tumors have posed a serious threat to human health. Chemotherapy, as the main anti-tumor treatment, is often limited in efficacy due to the lack of targeted drug release, which in turn produces high toxicity to normal tissues. At present, most clinical drug molecules are non-targeted, have low bioavailability, require large doses to reach the effective concentration, and are easily excreted quickly, resulting in non-specific toxic and side effects. Cell membranes coated nanoparticles (CNPs) are widely used in cancer treatment due to their high biocompatibility. CNPs can disguise themselves as autologous cells to evade the recognition and clearance of the immune system, prolong blood circulation time and…
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Application of Nanoparticles in CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Therapy
At present, genetic diseases are a large category of diseases that affect human health. So far, we can only treat a small part of them, and most of the treatment methods are “treating the symptoms but not the root cause”. Therefore, gene therapy that can “cure the root cause” is highly anticipated. Gene therapy is a treatment method that uses modern molecular biology methods to repair disease-causing genes to achieve relief and cure of diseases. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system won the Nobel Prize for related discoveries just a few years later, showing its vigorous vitality in gene editing. In gene therapy, safe…
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mRNA Nanocarriers
As an intermediate carrier, mRNA can transfer the genetic code in DNA to ribosomes for protein expression. It has great potential in vaccines, protein replacement therapy, and gene editing. Compared with traditional small molecule and protein drugs, mRNA-based therapies show some specific advantages in terms of safety, efficacy and preparation. However, despite these potential advantages of mRNA, how to deliver it safely, efficiently, and stably within cells remains an important obstacle. In recent years, nanobiotechnology has made significant progress, providing important tools for the development of mRNA nanocarriers. Nanocarrier systems can be directly used to load, protect, and release mRNA in biological microenvironments, and can be used to stimulate mRNA…
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The Mechanism of Adverse Immune Reactions of LNP-mRNA
Many clinical trials of mRNA-based drugs or vaccines have failed to successfully pass Phase I or Phase II. The reasons behind this are various, including low efficacy of candidate drugs and lower-than-expected clinical risk/treatment benefit profiles. Preclinical safety assessments aim to identify well-tolerated and efficacious LNP-mRNA formulations, and when toxicity is observed, in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo experiments aim to understand the underlying mechanisms and, ideally, improve the formulations design under development. The main safety issues of LNP-mRNA preparations in preclinical development can be divided into immunopathogenicity and liver and spleen toxicity (only studies on modified and/or dsRNA-purified mRNA are considered). Understand the different formulations of LNP-mRNA preparations…
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PLGA Nano Drug Carrier
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a functional polymer organic compound randomly polymerized by lactic acid (PLA) and glycolic acid (PGA). It has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration It is certified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is a copolymer material available on the market. PLGA has good biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical strength, good plasticity, surface modification, and drug encapsulation. It has a wide range of uses in the field of biomedical engineering and has been used in drug sustained-release carriers, artificial catheters and tissue engineering scaffold materials. As a drug carrier, PLGA is soluble in common solvents such as acetone and ethyl acetate. The size, shape…
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Progress in the Development of Targeted Anti-Tumor Antibody-Drug Conjugates
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are conjugated products of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and cytotoxic small molecules. In tumor treatment, although monoclonal antibodies have good targeting properties, most of them target extracellular or cell surface antigens, have weak anti-tumor activity, have limited therapeutic effect on solid tumors, and are more likely to develop drug resistance; conventional anti-tumor chemotherapy Although drugs have high anti-tumor cell activity, they lack targeting and often accidentally damage normal cells in the body, causing serious side effects. Antibody-drug conjugates complement each other perfectly, combining the high specificity of antibodies with the high toxicity of cytotoxic drugs to tumors. They can specifically kill tumor cells without damaging normal tissue cells,…
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Research on the Application of Nanoformulation in Transdermal Drug Delivery System
As a promising systemic drug delivery method, transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is easier and more convenient to operate than traditional oral, intravenous and subcutaneous injection methods. It can improve patient compliance while also avoiding First-pass effect and drug side effects. As the largest organ of the human body, the skin is also the body’s first line of defense against foreign microorganisms and chemical substances. Its drug permeability is lower, which is orders of magnitude different compared to the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and lungs. Therefore, how to pass through the many barriers of human skin is the first problem faced during transdermal drug delivery. In the past…
