Pulmonary administration has great advantages as a non-invasive route of administration of protein and peptide drugs. The human respiratory tract has a large surface area, which can avoid the first pass effect of the liver. In addition, the viscosity of the epithelial cell barrier is low, and there is a large amount of potential vasculature, low proteolytic activity and low acidity. Compared with the gastrointestinal tract, there is a thinner mucus layer, so the lungs are suitable for local and systemic administration. However, the mucosa of the respiratory tract is very tight and complex, and it is difficult for macromolecular drugs to penetrate. In fact, a single macromolecule is difficult…

Liposomes are spherical vesicles in which their central aqueous section is surrounded by one or more of a bilayer membrane (Lamella) that is frequently enclosed by aquatic environments. These vesicles are formed when amphiphilic lipids confront with aqueous milieu. They can vary in size from 15 nm to several microns. In the last 30 years, the application of liposome has been expanded from drug delivery to the cosmetic field and it is the most widely known cosmetic delivery system nowadays. What AreLiposomes in Cosmetics? Liposomes can act as dermal delivery carriers due to their being small, unilamellar, and designed with membrane flexibility. Therefore, liposomes are commonly used in dermal applications, either as protective…

Lung diseases, such as asthma, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis, are increasing with the increase in air pollution. In lung therapy, the use of systemic drug delivery is prone to cause adverse reactions, and the distribution of drugs in the lungs may be less, so the development of lung inhalation drug delivery systems has become a research hotspot. People have recognized that lung inhalation is the simplest and most effective route of administration for the treatment of the above diseases. At the same time, the lungs are also a good absorption site for systemic administration. The advantages of pulmonary drug delivery include: 1, The lungs have a large absorption area. Adults have…

Liposomes are vesicular structures, and the unique advantages imparted by lipid vesicles are their diverse range of morphologies, compositions, abilities to envelope and protect many types of therapeutic biomolecules, lack of immunogenic response, low cost, and their differential release characteristics. These characteristics have led to applications in chemical and biochemical analytics, cosmetics, food technologies, and drug and gene delivery. There are numerous lipid formulations for each of these applications. This article is mainly about the use of liposomes for gene delivery. Which Type of Liposomes Are Used for Gene Delivery? Liposomes are generally formed by the self-assembly of dissolved lipid molecules, each of which contains a hydrophilic head group and…

Nanoemulsion has a particle size between 20-200nm, and its particle size is more suitable for drug loading and targeting. Nanoemulsion as a drug carrier has the following characteristics: 1. Nanoemulsion has the characteristics of solubilization and sensitization; 2. Nanoemulsion is simple to prepare, good physical stability, etc., and can be sterilized; 3. Nanoemulsion can simultaneously contain different Fat-soluble drugs, improve the stability of some unstable drugs; 4. Nanoemulsions increase the bioavailability of macromolecular drugs; 5. Nanoemulsions can improve the solubility of insoluble drugs; 6. Nanoemulsions have low viscosity; 7. Nanoemulsions The diameter is small and uniform, which can improve the dispersion of the encapsulated drug, and protect the easily hydrolyzed…

Targeted drugs were proposed by German scientist and Nobel Prize winner Ehrlich in 1906 and have a history of more than 100 years. Until the late 1970s, with the advancement of molecular biology, cell biology, and materials science, targeted formulations developed rapidly, and products began to be marketed. The nano drug delivery system is distributed in specific organs, tissues, cells, and even intracellular structures in the body through passive targeting, active targeting, physical and chemical targeting, etc., and changes the distribution of prototype drugs in vivo. With the leapfrog development of life sciences, human understanding of disease pathogenesis and drug action mechanisms has transitioned from a macroscopic overall level to…