-
What Are Natural Phospholipids?
Lipids are defined as apolar molecules comprising as major classes fatty acids and fatty acid esters of normally natural origin. Non-natural components, such as dicarba-closo-dodecaboranes (in short carboranes) can also form acids and esters, which reveal lipid-like properties. Phospholipids are lipids usually composed of three components: a diglyceride, a phosphate group and another organic molecule such as choline, to produce phosphatidylcholine. Phospholipids are a major component of all cellular membranes and can form bilayers. What Are Examples of Phospholipids? The most common phospholipids are phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylserine. These phospholipids share the common features of fatty acids esterified to the 1 and 2 positions of the glycerol backbone with the phosphate…
-
What Are PEGs?
PEGs (polyethylene glycols) are composed of polyether compounds repeating ethylene glycol units according to the constituent monomer or parent molecule (as ethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, or oxyethylene) (Fig. 1). Most PEGs are commonly available commercially as mixtures of different oligomer sizes in molecular weight (MW) ranges. For instance, PEG-10,000 typically designates a mixture of PEG molecules (n = 195 to 265) having an average MW of 10,000. PEG is also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE), with the three names being chemical synonyms. However, PEGs mainly refer to oligomers and polymers with molecular masses below 20,000 g/mol, while PEOs are polymers with molecular masses above 20,000 g/mol, and POEs are…
-
Liposomes for Cosmetics
Liposomes are spherical vesicles in which their central aqueous section is surrounded by one or more of a bilayer membrane (Lamella) that is frequently enclosed by aquatic environments. These vesicles are formed when amphiphilic lipids confront with aqueous milieu. They can vary in size from 15 nm to several microns. In the last 30 years, the application of liposome has been expanded from drug delivery to the cosmetic field and it is the most widely known cosmetic delivery system nowadays. What AreLiposomes in Cosmetics? Liposomes can act as dermal delivery carriers due to their being small, unilamellar, and designed with membrane flexibility. Therefore, liposomes are commonly used in dermal applications, either as protective…
-
Advantages of Nanoparticles in Transdermal Drug Delivery
Nanoparticles are a kind of nanomaterials with high dispersion characteristics. It can pass through the hair follicle or stratum corneum, thereby improving the transdermal absorption of the drug and the sustained release of the drug, and can protect the drug from degradation. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) is a new type of nano-drug carrier developed in the 1990s. It uses natural or synthetic lipid materials (such as lecithin, triglycerides, etc.) as a carrier to wrap and adsorb drugs on A solid colloidal particle drug delivery system formed in the lipid core. A certain proportion of liquid oil or mixed lipids is used to replace the solid lipids in the solid lipid nanoparticles to form a…
-
Lung Inhalation Nano Drug Delivery System
Lung diseases, such as asthma, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis, are increasing with the increase in air pollution. In lung therapy, the use of systemic drug delivery is prone to cause adverse reactions, and the distribution of drugs in the lungs may be less, so the development of lung inhalation drug delivery systems has become a research hotspot. People have recognized that lung inhalation is the simplest and most effective route of administration for the treatment of the above diseases. At the same time, the lungs are also a good absorption site for systemic administration. The advantages of pulmonary drug delivery include: 1, The lungs have a large absorption area. Adults have…
-
Liposomes for DNA/RNA Delivery
Liposomes are vesicular structures, and the unique advantages imparted by lipid vesicles are their diverse range of morphologies, compositions, abilities to envelope and protect many types of therapeutic biomolecules, lack of immunogenic response, low cost, and their differential release characteristics. These characteristics have led to applications in chemical and biochemical analytics, cosmetics, food technologies, and drug and gene delivery. There are numerous lipid formulations for each of these applications. This article is mainly about the use of liposomes for gene delivery. Which Type of Liposomes Are Used for Gene Delivery? Liposomes are generally formed by the self-assembly of dissolved lipid molecules, each of which contains a hydrophilic head group and…
-
Application of Nanoemulsion in Transdermal Drug Delivery
Nanoemulsion has a particle size between 20-200nm, and its particle size is more suitable for drug loading and targeting. Nanoemulsion as a drug carrier has the following characteristics: 1. Nanoemulsion has the characteristics of solubilization and sensitization; 2. Nanoemulsion is simple to prepare, good physical stability, etc., and can be sterilized; 3. Nanoemulsion can simultaneously contain different Fat-soluble drugs, improve the stability of some unstable drugs; 4. Nanoemulsions increase the bioavailability of macromolecular drugs; 5. Nanoemulsions can improve the solubility of insoluble drugs; 6. Nanoemulsions have low viscosity; 7. Nanoemulsions The diameter is small and uniform, which can improve the dispersion of the encapsulated drug, and protect the easily hydrolyzed…
-
Application of Transfersomes and Ethosomes in Transdermal Drug Delivery
The transfersomes is a self-aggregating vesicle obtained by formulating and improving on the basis of liposomes, also known as flexible nano-liposomes (FNL). It is a lipid carrier obtained by adding surfactants (such as sodium cholate, polysorbate, spaan, sodium deoxycholate, etc.) to liposome materials. It has a high degree of self-deformation and can efficiently pass through skin pores several times smaller than its particle size. The driving force of its penetration into the skin is the hydration gradient and the resulting osmotic pressure difference, which can make the membrane elastically deform and squeeze into the stratum corneum. Widened intercellular space. The particle size of the transfersomes is 90~500nm, the deformability is 5 orders…
-
What Are Liposomes?
Liposomes are small artificial sphere-shaped vesicles consisting of one or more phospholipid bilayers, which were first described in the mid-60s. Today, they are a very useful reproduction, reagent, and tool in various scientific disciplines, including mathematics and theoretical physics, biophysics, chemistry, colloid science, biochemistry, and biology. Since then, liposomes have made their way to the market. Due to their size and hydrophobic and hydrophilic character(besides biocompatibility), liposomes are promising systems for drug delivery. Among several talented new drug delivery systems, liposomes characterize an advanced technology to deliver active molecules to the site of action, and at present, several formulations are in clinical use. Research on liposome technology has progressed from conventional…
-
What Are The Influencing Factors of Drug Percutaneous Absorption
In the clinical transdermal drug delivery process, there are many factors that affect the transdermal absorption of the drug, mainly including: skin hydration, skin temperature, skin conditions, and skin locations. Skin Hydration The phenomenon that the water content of the skin exceeds the normal state is called skin hydration. After the skin is saturated with water, the tissue softens, swells, wrinkles disappear, and the permeability increases significantly. Skin hydration promotes transdermal absorption of drugs. The encapsulation method or the application of ointment on the skin reduces the evaporation of skin moisture, and the covering effect increases the endogenous hydration of the stratum corneum and increases skin penetration. The hydration of the stratum corneum can…
